Final answer:
The number of half-lives that have elapsed cannot be determined without knowing the initial amount of iodine-131.
Step-by-step explanation:
The number of half-lives that have elapsed can be calculated using the formula:
n = (log2(initial amount / remaining amount))
Since the remaining amount is 40 grams and the initial amount is not provided, it is not possible to calculate the exact number of half-lives.