Final answer:
The New Monarchies were restored by Louis XVIII in France, Charles II in England, the Bourbon dynasty in Spain, and the Austrian Habsburgs in the Holy Roman Empire, each within their respective territories.
Step-by-step explanation:
Responsibility for re-establishing the New Monarchies in France, England, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire resides with several distinct historical figures:
- French Monarch: Louis XVIII was restored as king after the French Revolution and Napoleonic era, marking the return of the Bourbon monarchy to France.
- English Monarch: The restoration of the monarchy involved Charles II, who regained the throne in England after the period of the Commonwealth.
- Spanish Monarch: The Bourbons also claimed the Spanish throne, with the support of the French monarchy, during the time of upheavals in Europe.
- Holy Roman Emperor: Although the Holy Roman Empire was a complex political entity with various principalities, the Austrian Habsburgs played a key role in its leadership, even as it remained decentralized.
Each country mentioned had its own process and unique historical figures responsible for the restoration of its monarchy, against the backdrop of significant religious, political, and military upheavals in Europe.