Final answer:
A supreme tribunal offers the preservation of state sovereignty by providing uniform interpretation of federal laws, establishing the power of judicial review, and contributing to a balanced separation of powers through checks by the legislative branch.
Step-by-step explanation:
Benefits of a Supreme Tribunal of Judges to a Confederation of States
The establishment of a supreme tribunal of judges, such as the Supreme Court in the United States, brings several benefits to a confederation of states. One of the main advantages is the preservation of state sovereignty. By having a national judiciary, including a supreme tribunal, there is consistency in the interpretation and application of federal laws across all states. This helps to resolve disputes between states in a neutral manner, avoiding biases that could arise when cases are heard on a state's 'home turf.'
Additionally, the supreme tribunal possesses the power of judicial review, which was established via landmark cases, although not explicitly provided for in the original constitution. This allows the tribunal to ensure that the actions of the other branches of government are in accordance with the constitution, thereby providing a check on their power and protecting individual rights. Also, the legislative branch holds checks over the courts, such as Senate approval for appointments, the ability to rewrite laws, and the power to withhold funding, which ensures a balance of power.
The creation of a national judiciary under the Constitution, through acts such as the Judiciary Act of 1789, also meant Congress could establish lower federal courts and allowed for an organized and structured court system. Before this, under the Articles of Confederation there was no national court system, and the enforcement of national laws was inconsistent, with states often ruling in their own favor.