Final answer:
Portugal and Germany (option c) were the two European nations not included in the race for territory in North America, with Portugal focusing on Africa, Asia, and Brazil and Germany being largely absent in early colonial efforts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two European nations that were not included in the race for territory in North America were Portugal and Germany. This corresponds to option c) Portugal and Germany. During the age of exploration and colonization, Portugal focused its efforts on Africa, Asia, and what today constitutes Brazil in South America, while Germany, which was not yet a unified nation-state, was largely absent from early colonial efforts in North America.
Other European nations such as Spain and France were heavily involved in North American exploration. Spain initiated the era of Atlantic exploratio, and was the first to establish colonies in the Americas. France eventually joined the race, focusing on the fur trade in North America. Germany, on the other hand, succeeded in establishing most of its colonies in Africa and the Pacific. The Treaty of Zaragoza and the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, were largely ignored by other nations like England, France, and the Netherlands, who did not feel constrained by papal decrees.