Final answer:
The economic and political theory developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is capitalism. Socialism and communism are alternative economic systems that emerged as responses to the problems caused by capitalism.
Step-by-step explanation:
The economic and political theory developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is (B) Capitalism. Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals or businesses own and control the means of production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services. It operates on the principles of free markets, competition, and profit.
On the other hand, socialism and communism, which are also mentioned in the question, are alternative economic systems that emerged as responses to the problems caused by capitalism.
(C) Socialism is an economic system in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the community as a whole, with the goal of achieving social and economic equality.
(D) Communism, specifically Marxism, is a political and economic theory that seeks a classless society where the means of production are owned and controlled by the community through the government, with the goal of eliminating class distinctions and creating a society based on common ownership and cooperation.