Final answer:
Among the provided options, increasing container maintenance costs is the exception, as it would not help to increase the velocity of empty containers, unlike the other strategies mentioned. Option c is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The three options to increase the velocity of empty containers include all the following EXCEPT: c) Increasing container maintenance costs. Reducing dwell time at ports, implementing dynamic pricing, and utilizing empty container repositioning services are all viable strategies to improve the circulation and velocity of empty containers in the shipping industry. Increasing maintenance costs would not contribute to higher velocity, and therefore it is the exception among the provided options.
Reducing dwell times allows for quicker turnaround and fewer delays, dynamic pricing can incentivize the efficient use and relocation of containers, and repositioning services ensure that containers are moved from areas of low demand to areas of high demand, thus avoiding the unnecessary transport of empty containers.