Final answer:
The statement related to religion is 'c) Kareem Malik follows the Quran,' referring to the Islamic faith. Islam is monotheistic and part of the Abrahamic faiths, with Muhammad recognized as the final prophet. The early Islamic community, or ummah, was united by its faith and leadership.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that relates to religion instead of ethnicity is: c) Kareem Malik follows the Quran. This refers to an individual's religious faith, specifically Islam, which is characterized by the following of the Quran, the holy scripture of Muslims.
Muslims believe in the Abrahamic faiths, which include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all tracing back to the prophet Abraham. The key to understanding the Islamic faith includes the acknowledgment of Muhammad as the final prophet in a long line of monotheistic prophets, which is a belief held by Muslims in contrast to the other Abrahamic religions.
The status of individuals in early Islamic society was often differentiated primarily by religious identity, with Muslim versus non-Muslim being the most important factor. The mawali were non-Arab converts to Islam who, according to Muslim belief, worship the same single deity as those of the Jewish and Christian faiths, demonstrating that Islam is a monotheistic religion, not polytheistic.
The concept of the ummah in Islam refers to the community of Muslims united by their belief in one God and the leadership of Muhammad, as well as mutual defense and support. This community was the bedrock of early Islamic society and remains central to Islamic identity today.