Final answer:
Galileo's book that upset the Church was 'The Dialogue', which supported the heliocentric model and contradicted Church teachings. He faced the Inquisition and was placed under house arrest, with his books being banned until 1836.
Step-by-step explanation:
The book by Galileo that upset the Church was b. The Dialogue. This work supported the heliocentric model of the solar system, which stood in contrast to the geocentric view traditionally upheld by the Roman Catholic Church.
During the time of the Protestant Reformation, the Church was not only dealing with religious challenges but also intellectual ones. Galileo's support for the Copernican theory, which positioned the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the solar system, was deemed heretical. As a result, Galileo had to face the Inquisition and was put under house arrest. His books were prohibited by the Church until 1836, and it wasn't until 1992 that the Catholic Church publicly acknowledged its error in condemning Galileo's ideas.