Final answer:
The answer to the question is d) All of the above. Criminology is an applied science, a social science, dynamic, and interdisciplinary.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question is d) All of the above. Criminology is an applied science and a social science, as it is concerned with studying crime and criminal behavior in society. It is also a dynamic field, as it changes and adapts as social conditions change. Additionally, criminology is interdisciplinary, drawing on various disciplines such as sociology, psychology, economics, and geography to understand and explain crime. For example, urbanization affects the sociological study of urban economics, urban politics, and urban environments, while sociology as a whole examines society, its interactions, and the resultant social patterns. Deviance and crime are key areas of focus within criminology and sociology, subjects dealt with theories and hypotheses which aim to explain and predict these social phenomena.