Final answer:
James Madison is known as the Father of the Constitution because he both authored the Virginia Plan and contributed significantly to the Federalist Papers, therefore the answer is c) Both of the above are true.
Step-by-step explanation:
James Madison is known as the Father of the Constitution because he had an essential role in its formation. The correct answer to why Madison is called the Father of the Constitution is c) Both of the above are true. Firstly, he authored the Virginia Plan, which was pivotal in shaping the structure of the U.S. government with its proposal for a bicameral legislature and representation based on state population. Additionally, Madison was a significant contributor to the Federalist Papers, a series of essays written to promote the ratification of the new U.S. Constitution. His contributions helped to outline the philosophical and practical reasons behind the Constitution's design and to argue for its adoption.