Final answer:
The sentences contain adverbial prepositional phrases that describe the visibility of planets and the timing of their appearance, as well as an adjectival prepositional phrase that characterizes the predator's display.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of prepositional phrase used in the sentence 'A bright planet is easily visible without an optic aid' is an adverbial phrase, which describes the conditions under which the planet is visible. In the sentence 'Jupiter, the brightest planet, shines at dawn,' the prepositional phrase 'at dawn' functions adverbially to tell us when Jupiter shines. Lastly, the phrase 'the brilliance of stars' in the sentence 'The predator displays the brilliance of stars' serves as an adjectival phrase, as it describes the characteristics of the predator's display.