Final answer:
Charles Darwin went on a scientific expedition aboard the H.M.S. Beagle, during which he made numerous observations that led to his development of the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the provided options, the true statement about Charles Darwin is that he went on a cruise aboard the H.M.S. Beagle and developed his theory of evolution based on samples he acquired. His five-year scientific expedition on the HMS Beagle as the ship's naturalist was a crucial period during which he made extensive observations and collected various biological specimens. These observations included the diversity of life on distant continents and islands, the subtle variations among species, and fossils that indicated a much older Earth. Together, these observations contributed significantly to Darwin's formulation of the theory of evolution by natural selection.