Final answer:
Proponents of affirmative action argue that it creates social equality, advances opportunities for minorities, protects youth minorities, and benefits society overall, therefore, d) All of the above are mentioned as arguments in favor of affirmative action.
Step-by-step explanation:
Proponents of affirmative action make several arguments in favor of the policy: It is said to equalize opportunities, benefit qualified women and minorities, and contribute positively to society as a whole. Supporters argue that affirmative action promotes social equality by addressing the effects of past discrimination and subsequently aiding in developing a more diverse workforce. These efforts are credited with not only enhancing equity but also with having minimal impact on efficiency—or even improving it—by diversifying job allocation. Furthermore, affirmative action is believed to increase the graduation rates of under-represented minority groups from selective institutions, thereby advancing opportunities for these communities.
In summary, the benefits of affirmative action, as argued by its proponents, encompass a range of values. a) Protects youth minorities, b) Advances opportunities for minorities, and c) Promotes social equality are all advocated benefits, leading to the conclusion that d) All of the above are mentioned as arguments in favor of affirmative action.