Final answer:
Mutual-aid organizations were critical for Asian American communities in providing economic support, preserving culture, and promoting social cohesion.
Step-by-step explanation:
Mutual-aid organizations were important to Asian American communities for several reasons. They provided economic support by pooling resources to aid members in times of need, which could include financial distress due to unemployment or medical expenses. These organizations also played a critical role in cultural preservation, maintaining traditions, languages, and social practices from their countries of origin within a new American context. Moreover, they ensured social cohesion by fostering a sense of community and belonging among Asian immigrants, who often faced discrimination and exclusion in wider society. Hence, the correct answer is d. All of the above.