Final answer:
Before the arrival of Europeans, Native American peoples employed a form of governance best described as tribal council-based governance, which was inclusive, consensus-driven, and resembled tribal democracies.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Native American peoples had diverse forms of governance before Europeans came to the Americas, characterized not by representative government, monarchy, or democracy in the traditional European sense, but rather by tribal council-based governance. In many cases, these systems were inclusive and consensus-driven, with an emphasis on the participation of group members in decision-making processes. Tribes such as the Cheyenne, Iroquois, and Huron had established systems that resembled tribal democracies, exhibiting self-governing practices. The government question pertains to the option (d) Tribal council-based governance.
Contrasting with the often hierarchical structure of monarchies, tribal council-based governance was more equalitarian and decentralized, aligning most closely with acephalous societies—ones without formal rulers—where decision-making stemmed from discussion and consensus-building among community members.
Within the category of self-governance, it is also important to note that republicanism and direct democracy have been adopted or aspired to in various countries throughout history, following independence movements or democratization efforts, as in the case of post-Revolution America and 20th-century India.