Question

Why is the methyl group in toluene an ortho-para director?

a) Due to its electron-withdrawing effect.
b) Because of its +I effect.
c) Through resonance stabilization.
d) By inducing a negative charge on the ortho and para positions.

Answer 1

The methyl group in toluene directs electrophilic substitution to the ortho and para positions due to its +I effect, which increases the electron density on the benzene ring.

Step-by-step explanation:

The methyl group in toluene is considered an ortho-para director primarily because of its +I effect (inductive effect). This effect increases the electron density on the benzene ring, particularly at the ortho and para positions, which makes these positions more reactive toward electrophilic substitution reactions. The increased electron density is due to the methyl group donating electrons through the sigma bonds, which is a characteristic behavior of alkyl groups attached to a benzene ring.

Option b) 'Because of its +I effect' is the correct answer to the question. The methyl group is electron-donating, and does not withdraw electrons or induce a negative charge through resonance, but rather increases the electron density through its inductive effect, promoting substitution at the ortho and para positions.