Final answer:
The correct answer is d) Program for calculating change using the fewest coins. It uses an algorithm to efficiently minimize the number of coins needed for change, providing the most effective solution.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Java program that outputs change using the fewest coins is d) Program for calculating change using the fewest coins. This kind of program typically employs an algorithm that starts with the coin of the highest value and works its way down to the coin of the lowest value, providing the optimal number of coins in the change given the total amount to be returned. The reason it's the most efficient option is that it minimizes the total number of coins needed.
Tossing a coin is seen as a fair way to decide who goes first in competitions because a fair coin has two equally likely outcomes, heads or tails, giving each side a 50% chance. If you choose heads, the chance that the toss will go your way, meaning it will land on heads, is 50%.