Final answer:
The 19th and 20th-century industrialization led to medical challenges including increased pollution, urbanization's impact on living conditions and sanitation, and occupational hazards due to factory work.
Step-by-step explanation:
Industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries created new medical challenges due to increased pollution, urbanization, and occupational hazards. The massive shift of populations to urban areas for industrial work led to overcrowded living conditions, poor sanitation, and the spread of diseases like cholera and tuberculosis. Unregulated industrial emissions polluted air and waterways, contributing to respiratory and other health problems. Furthermore, factory work introduced new dangers with long hours and unsafe working conditions, exposing workers to accidents and chronic ailments.