Final answer:
The true or false questions are addressed by applying principles of astrophysics: external forces are required to set objects in motion in space (true), the sun's movement does not result in noticeable length contraction (false), and a satellite's speed does change with distance from its parent body according to Kepler's laws (true).
Step-by-step explanation:
To answer the series of true or false questions regarding planetary motion, external forces in space, and properties of the sun and galaxy, we must apply our understanding of astrophysics and related physics concepts. For Kepler's laws to apply accurately, a planet-satellite system does not necessarily have to be isolated from other massive objects, so that statement is false. An external force is indeed required to change the state of motion of an object; thus, setting a stationary object in motion in space requires an external force, making that statement true.
Regarding how objects orbit the galaxy, stars in our Galaxy's thin disk have nearly circular orbits, while those in the halo have randomly oriented, elliptical orbits.
The sun orbits the center of the galaxy at a significant speed, but not fast enough for length contraction to be observable, so the statement about an observer noticing length contraction of the sun is false. Finally, Kepler's third law indicates that a satellite's speed increases as it approaches its parent body and decreases as it moves away, which makes this statement true.
In summary, these principles demonstrate the intricate dance of celestial bodies governed by the laws of physics, from the orbiting of planets around stars to the fundamental requirements for motion in space. The introduction of the wave-particle duality is incorrect for macroscopic objects, therefore the statement on macroscopic wave-particle duality is false.