Final answer:
Disruptive technologies typically emerge from smaller companies, targeting niche markets and may not have higher initial adoption rates compared to sustaining technologies. They can lead to the obsolescence of existing products and significantly alter industries and societies. The correct options are B and C.
Step-by-step explanation:
Regarding disruptive technologies, it is not true that they always originate from established, large companies. In fact, they often start with smaller entities or startups targeting underserved niche markets. As for their adoption rates, they usually do not have higher initial adoption rates compared to sustaining technologies, as they often start out with a limited performance in the existing market's mainstream criteria and appeal to a smaller segment.
Disruptive technologies also have a profound effect on existing products, often leading to their obsolescence. Over time, as the technology matures and gains a foothold, it can displace established technologies and shake up entire industries. The personal computer is a prime example, as it initially targeted hobbyists before evolving to challenge and replace mainframes and minicomputers.
The effects of disruptive technologies extend beyond just economic impacts, influencing societal changes such as job losses in affected industries or changes in community structures.
Hence, Options B and C are correct.