Final answer:
The procedure performed by the chemist in the question is distillation, which uses differences in vapor pressures to separate a mixture's components.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question revolves around a chemist performing a procedure. There are four options provided: titration, distillation, chromatography, and extrapolation. Based on the given context that suggests separating components of a solution via selective vaporization, the correct procedure being described is distillation. This method utilizes the differences in vapor pressures of substances to purify or separate components of a mixture. In the case of simple mixtures of volatile liquids, Raoult's law helps to predict the composition of the vapor above the liquid. The process of distillation is common in laboratory and industrial settings, such as refining petroleum, isolating fermentation products, and purifying water.
Therefore, the correct option for the procedure performed by the chemist would be Option B: Distillation. This choice aligns with the scenario of heating a mixture to vaporize a more volatile component, then condensing and collecting it apart from the rest of the mixture.