Final answer:
The elements in the 4th period that exhibit paramagnetic properties are Iron (Fe) and Cobalt (Co), both known for their unpaired d electrons contributing to their magnetic behavior. Oxygen is paramagnetic as well, but Nitrogen is diamagnetic. Not all transition metals are paramagnetic and not all paramagnetic materials are ferromagnetic, only a few like Cobalt (Co) along with Iron (Fe) exhibit such ferromagnetism.
Step-by-step explanation:
The elements in the 4th period that exhibit paramagnetic properties are those with unpaired electrons in their atomic or molecular structure. Iron (Fe) and Cobalt (Co) from the 4th period are well-known for their paramagnetic properties. Both of these elements have unpaired electrons in their d orbitals, which contributes to their magnetic behavior. Other elements in the periodic table like Oxygen (O₂) and Nitrogen (N₂) show different magnetic properties; O₂ is paramagnetic due to the presence of unpaired electrons, while N₂ is diamagnetic as it has no unpaired electrons and is unaffected by magnetic fields.
Not all transition metals are paramagnetic; some, like Zn²+, have all their d-electrons paired and are considered diamagnetic. Paramagnetic compounds can sometimes display ferromagnetism, but this is a different phenomenon and not all paramagnetic materials are ferromagnetic. Iron is an example of a ferromagnetic material due to its high magnetic permeability and its ability to be magnetized. Only a few elements including Cobalt (Co), along with Iron (Fe), exhibit the necessary magnetic domains to display strong ferromagnetic behavior.