Final answer:
Self-concept involves personal beliefs about oneself and is subject to change, influenced by both internal and external factors. It's closely linked to mental well-being, with concepts like self-efficacy and congruence playing significant roles. External factors, such as how others treat us, and internal factors, such as our attitudes, both shape our self-concept.
Step-by-step explanation:
Which of the following is true about self-concept? The answer to this is c) It includes personal beliefs about oneself. Self-concept encompasses all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, including aspects like self-efficacy, our belief that we control our own outcomes, and our congruence, which is the state of harmony between our real and ideal selves.
Self-concept is dynamic and influenced not only by external factors such as socialization agents like family and culture, but also by internal beliefs and attitudes. For instance, Jane's belief that her bad grade is a result of her professor's personal feelings towards her reflects an external locus of control, suggesting that she perceives her outcomes as influenced by external forces rather than her own efforts.
Furthermore, humanistic theorist Carl Rogers highlighted the importance of achieving congruence for a healthy self-concept. High congruence and receiving unconditional positive regard from parents are conducive to a greater sense of self-worth and a productive life. This indicates that self-concept is indeed related to mental well-being, countering the notion that it has no relation to psychological health. A positive self-concept encourages confidence and motivates individuals to take on new challenges effectively.