Pioneer species for primary succession include mosses, lichen, and grasses.
In primary succession, the environment lacks soil and is often barren such as after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat. Mosses and lichens are typically the first to colonize such harsh terrains. They can grow on rocks and begin the process of soil formation by breaking down rocks into smaller particles.
As they grow and die, they contribute organic matter to the developing soil. Grasses also play a role in primary succession as they can grow in shallow soil and further stabilize the soil.
Over time, these pioneer species create conditions that allow for the establishment of more complex plants like bushes and eventually trees. Trees and bushes do appear later in the succession as the soil becomes richer and more stable which provides the necessary resources for their growth.
The full question is:
Select ALL of the answers below that are considered pioneer species for a primary succession.
flowers
trees
mosses
bushes
lichen
grasses