Question

Question 1 (11 points)

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Match the lesson terms to the proper definitions. If you are unsure, be sure to go back through your lessons.

Question 1 options:

6
all rock layers are originally deposited horizontally and can later be deformed (moved).


Dating based on radioactive isotopes. More exact as it relies on half-lives.


separates metamorphic or igneous rock from layers of sedimentary rock.


when layers of rock on the bottom are at an angle and the ones above are horizontal


any rock fragments that are included in a rock must be older than the rock in which they are found.


formed when magma cuts through layers, then cools and solidifies before it reaches the surface resulting in crystals.


any geological feature that modifies or cuts through another feature must be younger than the rocks it cuts through.


when horizontal layers erode


states that within a sequence of sedimentary rock layers, older layers are found at the bottom, while younger layers are found at the top.


Dating of fossils based on their location with sedimentary rock layering.

1.
Relative Dating

2.
Absolute Dating

3.
Law of Superposition

4.
Principle of Inclusion

5.
Principle of Crosscutting Relationships

6.
Principle of Original Horizontality

7.
Angular Unconformity

8.
Intrusion

9.
Disconformity

10.
Nonconformity

Section 2 - Stratigraphic Cross Sections
Question 2 (13 points)
The following image is an example of the Law of Superposition and the Principle of Originality Horizontality. Your job is to identify the order the rocks layers came into existence by applying your understanding of the terms above as well as the knowledge you gained in the lessons. Know that you will use the images below to answer questions in Section 2 and Section 3. NOTE: Oldest is #1. Youngest is #13.

Cross Section Color

Table Key Color

To understand further what you are looking at, here is the key needed to read this image.

Question 2 options:

Temple Butte Limestone

Washoming Formation

Muav Limestone

Bright Angel Shale

Vishnu Schist

Hakatar Shale

Igneous Intrusion

Redwall Limestone

Bass Limestone


Dox Sandstone

Shinumo Quartzite

Zoroaster Granite

Tepeats Limestone
Section 3 - Analysis
Using your answers above, answer the questions below.

Question 3 (1 point)
The image above is a good example of relative dating rather than absolute dating.

Question 3 options:
True
False
Question 4 (1 point)
Vishnu Schist is the youngest rock, while the Washoming Formation is the oldest rock in cross section above.

Question 4 options:
True
False
Question 5 (1 point)
Disconformity is drawn as wavy lines in the cross section above. Which rock types show signs of disconformity?

Question 5 options:

Bass Limestone


Hakatar Shale


Shinomo Quartzite


Dox Sandstone


Muav Limestone


Temple Butte Limestone


Redwall Limestone


Tepeats Limestone


Bright Angel Shale

Question 6 (1 point)
The division between Vishnu Schist and Base Limestone is an example of which term?

Question 6 options:

nonconformity


disconformity


angular unconformity


none of the above

Question 7 (1 point)
Which of the following are intrusions in the cross section above (igneous rocks)?

Question 7 options:

Igneous Intrusion


Hakatar Shale


Shinomu Quartzite


Zoroaster Granite

Question 8 (1 point)
According to the key, which of the following are sedimentary rocks?

Question 8 options:

Temple Butte Limestone


Redwall Limestone


Muave Limestone


Tepeats Limestone


Washoming Formation


Bright Angel Shale


Vishnu Schist


Hakatar Shale


Dox Sandstone


Bass Limestone


Shinumo Quartzite

Question 9 (1 point)
Using the key as your guide, which rock types are formed from beach or nearshore environments?

Question 9 options:

Zoroaster Granite


Tepeats Limestone


Dox sandstone


Shinumo Quartzite

Question 10 (1 point)
Based on the key and the image, it appears that the Stratigraphic Cross Sections is currently near or covered by the sea.

Question 10 options:
True
False
Question 11 (1 point)
Based on the key, which rocks are formed from heat and pressure without melting (aka are metamorphic rocks)?

Question 11 options:

Vishnu Schist


Bright Angel Shale


Hakatar Shale


Shinumo Quartzite

Question 12 (1 point)
Using the key as your guide, which rocks underwent tilting (also angular unconformity) based on an uplift from a tectonic plate?

Question 12 options:

Dox Sandstone


Shinumo Quartzite


Hakatar Shale


Base Limestone


Teapeats limestone

Answer 1

1. The correct matches for the lesson terms and their definitions are as follows:

1. Relative Dating - Dating of fossils based on their location within sedimentary rock layering.

2. Absolute Dating - Dating based on radioactive isotopes. More exact as it relies on half-lives.

3. Law of Superposition - States that within a sequence of sedimentary rock layers, older layers are found at the bottom, while younger layers are found at the top.

4. Principle of Inclusion - Any rock fragments that are included in a rock must be older than the rock in which they are found.

5. Principle of Crosscutting Relationships - Any geological feature that modifies or cuts through another feature must be younger than the rocks it cuts through.

6. Principle of Original Horizontality - All rock layers are originally deposited horizontally and can later be deformed (moved).

7. Angular Unconformity - When layers of rock on the bottom are at an angle, and the ones above are horizontal.

8. Intrusion - Formed when magma cuts through layers, then cools and solidifies before it reaches the surface, resulting in crystals.

9. Disconformity - Separates metamorphic or igneous rock from layers of sedimentary rock.

10. Nonconformity - When horizontal layers erode.

2. The order of rock layers from oldest to youngest, based on the Law of Superposition and the Principle of Original Horizontality are:

• 1. Vishnu Schist
• 2. Hakatar Shale
• 3. Muav Limestone
• 4. Bright Angel Shale
• 5. Temple Butte Limestone
• 6. Redwall Limestone
• 7. Bass Limestone
• 8. Washoming Formation
• 9. Dox Sandstone
• 10. Shinumo Quartzite
• 11. Igneous Intrusion (unspecified, could be either the first or the second intrusion)
• 12. Zoroaster Granite (unspecified, could be either the first or the second intrusion)
• 13. Tepeats Limestone

The Law of Superposition and the Principle of Original Horizontality are fundamental principles in stratigraphy that help geologists understand the relative ages of rock layers and the sequence of events in Earth's history

1. Vishnu Schist: This is likely the oldest rock layer as it forms the base and it is often a metamorphic rock that has been subjected to intense heat and pressure.

2. Hakatar Shale: This layer would have been deposited on top of the Vishnu Schist. The Principle of Original Horizontality suggests that sediments are originally deposited in horizontal layers.

3. Muav Limestone: This limestone layer was likely deposited on top of the Hakatar Shale.

4. Bright Angel Shale: This shale layer would have been deposited on top of the Muav Limestone.

5. Temple Butte Limestone: This limestone layer would have been deposited on top of the Bright Angel Shale.

6. Redwall Limestone: This limestone layer comes after the Temple Butte Limestone in the sequence.

7. Bass Limestone: This limestone layer would have been deposited on top of the Redwall Limestone.

8. Washoming Formation: This formation comes after the Bass Limestone.

9. Igneous Intrusion: This is an intrusion that cuts across the existing rock layers, indicating that it is younger than the surrounding rocks.

10. Dox Sandstone: This sandstone layer would have been deposited on top of the Washoming Formation.

11. Shinumo Quartzite: This quartzite layer comes after the Dox Sandstone.

12. Zoroaster Granite: This is an igneous intrusion that cuts across the existing rock layers, indicating that it is younger than the surrounding rocks.

13. Tepeats Limestone: This limestone layer would have been deposited on top of the Zoroaster Granite.