The question addresses sampling methods in statistics, specifically the method where each population element has an equal chance of selection, which is simple random sampling. Different forms of sampling incorporate random processes, but simple random sampling is identified by its complete randomness and equal probability for all members of the population to be selected. The correct answer is option d.
The question pertains to the concept of sampling methods used in statistics. When every element of the population has a known and equal chance of being selected, the sampling method that fits this description is simple random sampling. In a simple random sampling approach, every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample, which can be achieved through various random selection procedures, such as using a random number generator or drawing names from a hat.
Other types of sampling methods include:
- Stratified sampling, where the population is divided into strata (groups), and samples are randomly selected from each stratum.
- Cluster sampling, where the population is divided into clusters (groups), some of which are randomly chosen, and all members of selected clusters are included in the sample.
- Systematic sampling, which involves selecting every kth member from a list of the population after randomly choosing a starting point.
- Finally, convenience sampling is a nonrandom method where the sample is chosen based on ease of access, likely causing biased results.
For example, if Lisa wanted to select a simple random sample from her pre-calculus class, she could place all the names into a hat and randomly pick out enough to form her study group, ensuring that each name had an equal chance of being selected.
Therefore, option d is correct.