Final answer:
Empowerment (option 4) has become a necessary part of control in modern workplaces due to the need for rapid adaptability, problem solving, and flexibility, moving away from rigid bureaucratic structures.
Step-by-step explanation:
Given the changes in employee jobs, management approaches, and the employment relationship, the concept that has become a necessary part of control is empowerment. Empowerment refers to the process of enabling employees to have more control over their work and decision-making. This shift moves away from the traditional bureaucratic control systems that rely heavily on hierarchy and rigid rules, which can be counterproductive in today's fast-paced and flexible work environments.
Instead of the rigid structure of bureaucracy, dynamic work teams and a more team-based approach are emphasized, allowing for diverse skill sets and problem-solving abilities that are crucial in the modern workplace. It fosters an environment where Theory Y assumptions prevail, viewing employees as self-motivated and capable of creative problem-solving. Through empowerment, an organization can become more agile and responsive, better equipped to handle the ongoing changes in technology, economy, and workforce demographics.