Final answer:
The realistic conflict theory (option 4) posits that social conflict arises from competition over limited resources, a view predominantly associated with Karl Marx and contrasting with the functionalist perspective.
Step-by-step explanation:
The theory that sees conflict as a competition between the goals of different groups or individuals based on a perception of limited resources is the realistic conflict theory. This theory is rooted in the notion that societies have limited resources, and groups must compete for them to meet their varying interests and needs.
Karl Marx is a key figure in the development of conflict theory, which views social relations as a struggle between the powerful and the less powerful, especially in the context of economic and class disparities. Conflict theory explains that social institutions, including government, education, and religion, are influenced by these competitions and help sustain an unequal social structure that benefits those with more power and resources.
Looking at the effects of economic production and materialism, conflict theory contrasts with functionalism, analyzing social structures and their influence on inequality and struggles over power, rather than individual characteristics or smooth societal functioning.