Final answer:
The correct answer is option True. The statement regarding the rapid and greater immune response upon second exposure to a pathogen due to memory immune cells is true. Immunological memory is critical for this enhanced response, which is the basis of how vaccines work, preventing significant disease upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that after exposure to a pathogen and/or a vaccine, you develop a memory population of immune cells which allows for a more rapid and greater response to the pathogen upon second exposure, often resulting in little to no ill effects from the pathogen, is true. This is due to the secondary adaptive immune response which is both stronger and faster than the primary immune response. The immunological memory formed after the first exposure to the pathogen or through vaccination is crucial for this enhanced response. Memory cells specifically programmed during the first exposure swiftly recognize and combat the pathogen in subsequent encounters before it can cause significant disease.
During immunization, individuals are exposed to noninfectious antigens derived from pathogens, provoking a primary immune response without causing illness. This exposure leads to the creation of memory cells that mount a vigorous and swift response when the individual encounters the same pathogen in the future. Booster vaccinations may sometimes be necessary to reinforce the immune memory, as seen with tetanus boosters, which are recommended every ten years to sustain immunity.
The ability of the immune system to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens, thereby avoiding an attack on the body's own tissues, is an essential aspect of the immune response. However, when these mechanisms fail, it can result in autoimmune diseases. The capability of memory cells to provide prompt protection upon re-exposure is a powerful defense mechanism that prevents the recurrence of many infectious diseases.