Final answer:
Entrepreneurial orientation (option c) refers to the combination of autonomy, innovativeness, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, and risk-taking used by businesses when starting new ventures.
Step-by-step explanation:
The strategy-making practices that businesses use in identifying and launching new ventures, which consist of autonomy, innovativeness, proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness, and risk-taking, are collectively referred to as entrepreneurial orientation. These practices are integral to a firm's ability to navigate the business cycle, champion new ideas, and remain competitive. Entrepreneurial orientation underpins the ethos of startups where the founders have a strong belief in their business prospect and are prepared to invest their own capital and take on the associated risks.