Final answer:
The leadership style that encourages independence and individuality is known as laissez-faire, which is a hands-off approach not listed in the provided options. Therefore, the answer is 'None of the above'.
Step-by-step explanation:
The leadership behaviors that encourage independence and individuality are classified as laissez-faire leader behaviors. This is not explicitly listed in the options provided (a. Team-oriented leader, b. Self-protective leader, c. Participative leader), therefore, the most appropriate answer would be d. None of the above.
A laissez-faire leader is characterized by a hands-off approach and allows group members to manage themselves and make their own decisions. This leadership style is suited for individuals who are autonomous and motivated. It can foster creativity and independence among group members but also carries the risk of group dissolution and a lack of progress if members are not mature and motivated enough. It is distinct from other leadership styles such as democratic and authoritarian, which involve more active engagement and direction from the leader.