Final answer:
Mainstream economists are most likely to oppose (a) discretionary fiscal policy , seeing it as a crude tool often superseded by automatic stabilizers. Discretionary measures are preferred only in extreme economic conditions, while
(c) a balanced budget amendment is restrictive.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks which of the following ideas mainstream economists oppose: a. discretionary fiscal policy, b. a monetary rule, c. a balanced budget, d. discretionary monetary policy, e. a budget deficit. Based on the economic principles discussed, the idea most opposed by mainstream economists is likely discretionary fiscal policy. This is because discretionary fiscal policy is seen as a blunt instrument, more like a club than a scalpel, and typically better used only in extreme economic situations.
Moreover, most economists accept the need for fiscal policy to be flexible enough to address unforeseen circumstances, such as wars or recessions. Therefore, tools like automatic stabilizers are preferred over discretionary measures. A balanced budget amendment, while politically popular, also poses economic issues as it does not allow for the flexible deficit spending that might be necessary in unexpected situations.