Final answer:
Thunder cloud development is influenced by condensation, high temperature and humidity, orographic factors, and vertical winds. The correct answer is D) 1, 2, 3, and 4, as all of these factors together drive the formation and upward growth of thunderclouds.
Step-by-step explanation:
Thunder cloud development is primarily due to condensation, high temperature and humidity, orography (mountainous terrain), and vertical wind (updrafts within the cloud). When water from the oceans evaporates, it removes heat from the ocean surface. This water vapor, if it condenses into liquid droplets, releases heat into the atmosphere as clouds form. This heat release causes thunderhead clouds to rise and is amplified by orographic lifting, where the air is forced upwards by mountain barriers. The lifting air cools and leads to further condensation, creating a positive feedback system with more condensation and rising air, eventually yielding powerful storms that may include lightning and hail.
The development of vertical wind thunderclouds is due to phenomenon 3, orography; and phenomenon 4, condensation. Orography refers to the effect of mountains on weather and climate patterns. When air masses are forced to rise over mountains, they cool and condense, forming clouds. Condensation occurs when water vapor in the air transforms into liquid droplets as it cools. This process releases energy, causing the air to rise further and the cloud to develop vertically.