Question

A therapist is trying a new program to help reduce smoking among a group of patients. She measures the number of cigarettes smoked per day by each person both before and after participating in the program. For her 6 participants, she gets measures of 19, 14, 12, 17, 20, and 16 cigarettes per day before the program. In the same order, she records 17, 15, 6, 14, 15, and 11 cigarettes per day afterwards.

What is the estimated standard error?

Answer 1

To find the estimated standard error of the change in cigarette consumption, calculate the differences for each participant, find the standard deviation of these differences, and divide by the square root of the number of observations.

Step-by-step explanation:

To calculate the estimated standard error for the changes in the number of cigarettes smoked per day after participation in a therapeutic program, we first need to find the differences in the number of cigarettes smoked before and after the program for each participant. Next, we calculate the standard deviation of these differences and divide it by the square root of the number of observations (n) to find the standard error.

• Differences in cigarettes smoked: (19-17), (14-15), (12-6), (17-14), (20-15), (16-11) are 2, -1, 6, 3, 5, 5, respectively.
• To find the standard deviation (s) of these differences, we use the formula for the sample standard deviation.
• Finally, the estimated standard error (SE) is given by SE = s / sqrt(n).

Note: As the exact calculations are not provided, the above steps detail the process to follow to determine the estimated standard error of the changes in smoking habits.