Final answer:
An increase in polymorphonuclear cells in a CSF specimen suggests a bacterial infection, indicative of conditions such as bacterial meningitis. .
Step-by-step explanation:
When a leukocyte differential smear made from a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen with an elevated leukocyte count reveals an increase in polymorphonuclear cells, it may be indicative of a bacterial infection. In the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis, which is a serious infection of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, analysis of CSF obtained by a lumbar puncture is crucial. Abnormal levels of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), glucose, and protein in the CSF are suggestive signs of this infection.
For instance, in a case where a patient such as Olivia presents with symptoms like swollen lymph nodes and neck pain, a lumbar puncture can reveal critical information. If the CSF appears cloudy on visual inspection and further Gram stain assessment indicates bacteria, alongside elevated WBC and abnormal glucose and protein levels, these findings support the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.
Antibiotic treatment can be effective against this condition, as it targets the causative bacterial microorganisms. This treatment is essential because without prompt intervention, the infection can lead to severe consequences, potentially causing long-term neurological damage or being life-threatening.