Question

What are the clinical manifestations of heart failure?

1) Fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, edema, nocturia, skin changes, and behavior changes
2) Pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, atrial fibrillation, thrombus formation, hepatomegaly, and renal insufficiency
3) Left-sided failure, right-sided failure, biventricular failure
4) Acute decompensated heart failure, chronic heart failure, compensated heart failure

Answer 1

The clinical manifestations of heart failure include fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, edema, nocturia, skin changes, and behavior changes.

Step-by-step explanation:

The clinical manifestations of heart failure include:

• Fatigue: Patients may experience tiredness and lack of energy.
• Dyspnea: Difficulty in breathing, especially during physical activity or when lying down.
• Tachycardia: Rapid heart rate, often above 100 beats per minute.
• Edema: Swelling, usually in the legs, ankles, or abdomen, due to fluid retention.
• Nocturia: Frequent urination at night.
• Skin changes: Cool, pale, or bluish skin.
• Behavior changes: Confusion, memory problems, or decreased alertness.