Final answer:
FASD refers to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, a range of conditions caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. The most severe form, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, includes unique facial characteristics and developmental issues. It is fully preventable through abstention from alcohol during pregnancy.
Step-by-step explanation:
FASD stands for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, which is a collection of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother consumed alcohol during pregnancy. These conditions can range in severity and encompass a variety of physical, behavioral, and learning problems. The most severe form of FASD is known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), which is characterized by distinctive facial features such as small eye openings, a smooth philtrum, and a thin upper lip. Additionally, children with FAS may suffer from cognitive deficits, learning disabilities, and other developmental issues. FASD is entirely preventable by avoiding alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Exposure to alcohol during pregnancy, especially heavy consumption, is considered a teratogen, meaning it can cause damage to the developing embryo or fetus. The risk and severity of FASD are influenced by the amount and frequency of alcohol consumed, as well as the developmental stage of the fetus at the time of exposure. Notably, the development of craniofacial features in the fetus has been pinpointed to specific days during gestation where alcohol exposure can have significant impact.
With no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, FASD remains a leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities in children. Once FASD occurs, the resulting conditions are lifelong.