Question

In the list below, select all actions mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, including epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla, during stress.

Check All That Apply:

a) Increased blood flow to abdominal organs by vasodilating blood vessels leading to the stomach and small intestine in order to maximize absorption of important nutrients

b) Increased uptake and storage of glucose (glycogenesis) to stock up on an energy supply for later use

c) Decreased retention of water and Na⁺ within the body via increased urine output

d) Increased lung ventilation by stimulating brain breathing centers and dilating airways

e) Diversion of blood from viscera to skeletal muscles by means of vasoconstriction in the former beds and vasodilation in the latter

f) Increased cardiac function such as elevated heart rate

g) Increased breakdown of adipose tissue triglyceride to provide a supply of glycerol for gluconeogenesis and fatty acids for oxidation

h) Increased hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis to provide a quick source of glucose

Answer 1

During stress, the sympathetic nervous system and epinephrine release lead to increased lung ventilation, diversion of blood to muscles, elevated heart rate, breakdown of adipose tissue, and enhanced glycogenolysis for energy production. The other options listed are not associated with the sympathetic response to stress. The correct answer id option d,e,f,g and h.

Step-by-step explanation:

The actions mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and epinephrine secreted by the adrenal medulla during stress include:

• d) Increased lung ventilation by stimulating brain breathing centers and dilating airways to improve oxygen intake.
• e) Diversion of blood from viscera to skeletal muscles by means of vasoconstriction in the former and vasodilation in the latter to prepare the muscles for action.
• f) Increased cardiac function such as an elevated heart rate to pump more blood and provide oxygen and nutrients to critical areas of the body.
• g) Increased breakdown of adipose tissue triglyceride to provide a supply of glycerol for gluconeogenesis and fatty acids for oxidation to fuel the body's increased energy needs.
• h) Increased hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis to provide a quick source of glucose for immediate energy.

The other options listed are not mediated by the sympathetic nervous system during a stress response. Instead, during stress, there is typically a reduction in blood flow to the abdominal organs (not an increase), a decrease in the uptake and storage of glucose (opposite of glycogenesis), and a decreased retention of water and Na+ (not an increase in urine output).