Final answer:
For Boyle's law, temperature (T) and amount of gas (n) are held constant. For Charles's law, pressure (P) and amount of gas (n) are held constant. For Avogadro's law, pressure (P) and temperature (T) are held constant. For Gay-Lussac's law, volume (V) is held constant.
Step-by-step explanation:
a) When collecting data for Boyle's law, the variables held constant are temperature (T) and amount of gas (n). In Boyle's law, the relationship between pressure (P) and volume (V) is described by the equation
P₁ × V₁ = P₂ × V₂,
where the product of pressure and volume remains constant at constant temperature and amount of gas.
b) Similarly, when collecting data for Charles's law, the variables held constant are pressure (P) and amount of gas (n). Charles's law states that the relationship between volume (V) and temperature (T) is given by
V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂,
where the ratio of volume to temperature remains constant at constant pressure and amount of gas.
c) For Avogadro's law, the variables held constant are pressure (P) and temperature (T). Avogadro's law states that the relationship between volume (V) and amount of gas (n) is given by
V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂,
where the ratio of volume to amount of gas remains constant at constant pressure and temperature.
d) Finally, for Gay-Lussac's law, the variable held constant is volume (V). Gay-Lussac's law states that the relationship between pressure (P) and temperature (T) is given by
P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂,
where the ratio of pressure to temperature remains constant at constant volume.