Final answer:
The late signs of increased ICP include changes in consciousness, pupillary changes, alterations in vital signs (Cushing's triad), and posturing, indicating severe brain injury and compensation attempts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The late observable signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) can be severe and reflect significant brain injury. The symptoms may include changes in consciousness, such as decreased alertness and coma; pupillary changes, such as dilated or non-responsive pupils; and changes in vital signs, like hypertension with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia, and irregular respirations (Cushing’s triad). Other symptoms can involve posturing, including decorticate (flexor) or decerebrate (extensor) posturing, indicative of severe brain damage. These signs highlight the body's attempts to preserve brain function by compensating for the increased pressure.