Final answer:
Transfer-appropriate processing provides the least support for encoding specificity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The research based on transfer-appropriate processing provides the least support for encoding specificity. Transfer-appropriate processing refers to the idea that memory performance is best when the cognitive processes engaged during encoding match those engaged during retrieval.
Encoding specificity, on the other hand, emphasizes the role of contextual cues in memory retrieval. While both principles contribute to our understanding of memory, transfer-appropriate processing does not directly support the concept of encoding specificity.