Final answer:
The troposphere and mesosphere are the layers of the atmosphere that experience cooling with increasing elevation. The correct answer to the question is B) Mesosphere, Thermosphere.
Step-by-step explanation:
The layers of the atmosphere that experience cooling with increasing elevation are the troposphere and the mesosphere. In the troposphere, the temperature decreases rapidly with altitude to values near 50 °C below freezing at its upper boundary. The mesosphere starts above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers high, where the temperature continues to decrease.
Moreover, the thermosphere and the exosphere do not follow this pattern; the thermosphere actually increases in temperature with altitude, mainly due to the absorption of high-energy solar radiation. The exosphere, being the outermost layer, is mostly a transition to the vacuum of space and does not have a well-defined temperature structure.