Final answer:
The Somogyi Effect is caused by high levels of stress hormones such as glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone, which are released in response to a hypoglycemic episode, often due to excessive nighttime insulin. Insulin resistance and decreased insulin production are related to type 2 diabetes and are not direct causes of the Somogyi Effect.
The correct option is 4.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cause of early morning hyperglycemia, known as the Somogyi Effect, is primarily due to high levels of stress hormones such as glucagon, epinephrine, and growth hormone (GH). These hormones antagonize insulin's effects and can lead to a counterregulatory response where the body's blood sugar is increased in reaction to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels).
This is a common phenomenon in individuals with type 1 diabetes who may have injected too much insulin for their needs the previous night, leading to hypoglycemia. In response, the body releases these stress hormones to raise blood glucose levels, resulting in hyperglycemia in the morning.
Insulin resistance and decreased insulin production are associated with type 2 diabetes and are not the direct cause of the Somogyi Effect. Excessive nighttime carbohydrate intake can cause high blood sugar levels in the morning, but this is not the Somogyi Effect, it's more aligned with the concept known as the 'dawn phenomenon'.
A glucagon tolerance test can help detect if high blood sugar is due to defective insulin receptors or excessive insulin antagonists. Defective or absence of insulin receptors on cells is a characteristic of insulin-independent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes).
Therefore, the correct answer is high levels of stress hormones (option 4).
The correct option is 4.