Final answer:
When single-tracking is operated in under-river tunnels, the minimum headway in one direction is 3(1/2) minutes to maintain a safe distance between trains.
Step-by-step explanation:
When trains are operated in both directions on a single track in under-river tunnels, and certain kinds of work need to be done, they use a strategy called single-tracking. Single-tracking involves running alternative trains in opposite directions.
In this case, if the running time between the two towers at the ends of a certain tunnel is 3(1/2) minutes, the minimum headway in one direction when single-tracking is operated is also 3(1/2) minutes. This means that the trains will be scheduled with a gap of 3(1/2) minutes between them to maintain a safe distance.
By using this strategy, the trains can continue to operate smoothly while work is being done, ensuring the safety and efficiency of the train service.