Final answer:
The prospective payment system for ESRD under Medicare was fully implemented in 2011, replacing the previous reimbursement system.
Step-by-step explanation:
The prospective payment system (PPS) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) under Medicare was implemented in 2011.
This system replaced the previous reimbursement system, which was based on the actual costs incurred by providers. Under the PPS, Medicare pays a set amount for each dialysis treatment, regardless of the actual costs.
This change was made to promote efficiency, control costs, and improve the quality of care for ESRD patients.