Final answer:
Functional programming has disadvantages compared to imperative programming, including lack of predictability, efficiency concerns, and a steep learning curve.
Step-by-step explanation:
In functional programming, there are several disadvantages compared to imperative programming:
- Lack of predictability: Functional programs rely heavily on recursion and higher-order functions, which can make program flow difficult to understand and predict. This can make it challenging to debug and maintain functional code.
- Efficiency: Functional programming often involves heavy use of immutable data structures and recursion, which can be less efficient in terms of memory usage and runtime compared to imperative programming.
- Learning curve: Functional programming requires a different mindset and approach compared to imperative programming. It can be more challenging for programmers who are accustomed to imperative paradigms to understand and adopt functional programming concepts.