Final answer:
Acute kidney injury is a common complication after cardiopulmonary bypass, affecting a significant percentage of hospitalized patients and contributing to high morbidity and mortality.
Step-by-step explanation:
The occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiopulmonary bypass is considered to be common. Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is a significant risk factor for AKI, which affects 7-10 percent of all hospitalized patients. This complication contributes to substantial morbidity and can lead to mortality rates of 35-40 percent in those affected. Additionally, AKI is part of a spectrum of conditions that can result from various causes, including pre-renal factors like hypovolemia or hepatorenal syndrome, direct renal damage, and post-renal obstructions. Acute renal failure, characterized by a rapid loss of renal function, is a severe form of AKI that requires immediate treatment to prevent permanent kidney damage or death.