Final answer:
Children's drug dosages differ from adults and are often higher per unit of body weight due to their faster metabolism. Dosage calculations take into account the mass of the child and the need to achieve therapeutic levels while minimizing side effects. Parental expectations and the proper administration route are also key considerations in pediatric dosing.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks which drugs require higher doses in children. Dosage calculations for medications are based on various factors, including the patient's mass, especially in children. Unlike adults, for whom there is typically a standard dose regardless of body mass, doses for children are scaled according to their mass to ensure efficacy and to minimize toxicity. However, certain medications may require higher doses in children than adults because children metabolize drugs faster. This means that the dose must be sufficient to maintain therapeutic drug levels in the body. The dosage and route of administration must be carefully considered for optimal effects and minimal side effects.
Additionally, the metabolism and clearance of drugs from the body, which can be impaired in patients with liver or kidney dysfunction, are critical when calculating drug doses to prevent toxicity. Parental expectations can play a role in the misuse of antibiotics, as some may prefer antibiotics even when not necessary. Moreover, substances like heroin are teratogens, and babies born addicted to such substances require careful medical management to be safely weaned off them.
When oral or intramuscular administration does not result in adequate absorption or desired plasma levels, medications may be administered intravenously. Intravenous administration typically achieves higher plasma levels than other routes, which is a significant consideration for treating infections.