Final answer:
Ketamine has various pharmacodynamic effects, including CNS effects, cardiovascular effects, respiratory effects, and increased intraocular pressure (IOP).
Step-by-step explanation:
Ketamine is a dissociative drug that acts as an antagonist of the NMDA glutamate receptor. It affects the central nervous system (CNS) by producing hallucinations, altered perception of time, and intensified sensory experiences. In terms of cardiovascular effects, ketamine can increase heart rate and blood pressure. It also has respiratory effects, such as reducing respiratory drive and causing shallow breathing. Additionally, ketamine can increase intraocular pressure (IOP), leading to potential eye problems like nystagmus and blepharospasm.