Final answer:
TNS, or Transient Neurological Symptoms, is characterized by radiating pain, electric shock-like sensations, and hypersensitivity to touch. Risk factors for TNS include the type and concentration of local anesthetics used, injection technique, and patient-related factors.
Step-by-step explanation:
TNS, or Transient Neurological Symptoms, refers to pain and dysesthesias that occur 12-24 hours after neuraxial blockade. The clinical features of TNS include radiating pain, electric shock-like sensations, and hypersensitivity to touch. These symptoms typically resolve within a few days without any specific treatment.
Several factors can increase the risk of developing TNS after neuraxial blockade. These include the use of lidocaine-based local anesthetics, high concentrations of local anesthetics, rapid injection of the anesthetic agent, and high volumes of the injectate. Additionally, factors such as patient age, female gender, and history of previous TNS may also contribute to an increased risk.